Timelines

Haitian immigration to the United States has occurred in distinct waves, with the Haitian Revolution (1791–1804) sparking the first. Between 1789 and 1810, an estimated 15,000 to 20,000 Haitians arrived in the U.S. At the time, Haiti—then known as Saint-Domingue—was France’s wealthiest colony, built on the forced labor of enslaved Africans. Inspired by the French Revolution’s call for liberty, both the enslaved population and free people of color in Saint-Domingue saw an opportunity to resist. A mass slave rebellion erupted in 1791, led in part by General Toussaint L’Ouverture. After years of fierce fighting, Haiti declared its independence in 1804, becoming the first free Black republic and the first nation founded by formerly enslaved people.

The revolution had profound consequences for the United States. While U.S. merchants welcomed trade with the new nation, Southern slaveholders feared that Haiti’s uprising would inspire rebellions in the American South. In response, the U.S. passed one of its earliest immigration restrictions, barring free Afro-Haitians from entry. At the same time, thousands of white refugees fled to the U.S., many bringing enslaved people with them. These refugees influenced the culture and economy of places like Louisiana (shaping Creole traditions), Virginia, Baltimore, Philadelphia, and New York. Additionally, Haiti’s victory forced Napoleon to abandon his ambitions in North America, leading to the Louisiana Purchase in 1803, which doubled U.S. territory.

Haiti’s revolution remains one of the most significant events in world history, reshaping ideas of freedom, democracy, and resistance.