Timelines

Migration ist eine globale Realität und seit jeher Teil der Menschheitsgeschichte. Dennoch gehört sie bis heute zu den am stärksten umkämpften öffentlichen Themen. 

Sowohl Menschen als auch Grenzen sind ständig in Bewegung. Wer sich bewegen darf und wem Rechte zugesprochen werden, zeigt, wer als Teil der Nation angesehen wird. In Deutschland wie in den Vereinigten Staaten sind diese Debatten — und die damit verbundenen politischen und gesellschaftlichen Praktiken — eng mit sich wandelnden Vorstellungen von „Rasse“, Kultur und Sprache verbunden. 

Diese Zeitleisten zeigen, wie Rechte und Zugehörigkeit durch Gesetze, migrantische Bewegungen und Kämpfe, globale Ereignisse und kulturelle Werke ausgehandelt, infrage gestellt und neu definiert wurden — und wie diese Geschichten bis heute nachwirken. 

Entstanden sind die Zeitleisten in einem community-basierten Prozess gemeinsam mit Partner*innen aus migrantischen Selbstorganisationen, Bildungsinstitutionen und Wissenschaft sowie mit Unterstützung vieler weiterer Beteiligter und Ehrenamtlicher.

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1986
Limited Amnesty for Undocumented Immigrants

The Immigration Reform Act (IRCA) of 1986, signed into law by President Reagan, established more opportunities to seek lawful migration and gain legal status. The result of contentious debates surrounding unregulated immigration throughout the 1980s, IRCA granted amnesty to more than three million undocumented persons through two programs. It was the first major attempt by Congress to address the challenges of unregulated immigration by bringing border enforcement alongside legalization provisions.

IRCA used a three-pronged strategy, also known as the “three-legged stool,” to deter and diminish illegal immigration; it created a pathway to legalization for long-term unauthorized migrants, established sanctions for employers who hired undocumented workers, and strengthened security at the border. The passage of IRCA also led to the emergence of state and local immigration coalitions, broader support among civil society groups to advocate for immigration, and the incorporation of immigration advocacy and services in established philanthropies and foundations. Despite the law’s multi-faceted approach to addressing undocumented migrants, the population tripled from roughly four million in 1986 to over eleven million people in 2015. IRCA continues to be the subject of scrutiny, as both supporters and opponents of comprehensive immigration reform [see: The Ongoing Debate over Immigration Reform, 2015] turn to the landmark legislation to analyze its impacts and learn from its successes and failures. Significantly, the law was the result of strong bipartisan support in both the Senate and House of Representatives during a time of divided government.
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United States
Sources
  1. Muzaffar Chishti, Charles Kamasaki. “IRCA in Retrospect: Guideposts for Today’s Immigration Reform”. Migration Policy Institute. Issue Brief. January 1, 2014.
  2. Muzaffar Chishti, Doris Meissner, Claire Bergeron. At its 25th Anniversary, IRCA’s Legacy Lives On. Policy Beat Migration Policy Institute. November 16, 2011. Date accessed: September 12, 2015.
Additional Resources
  1. Betsy Cooper, Kevin O’Neil. “Lessons From the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986”. Policy Brief. Migration Policy Institute.
  2. Donald M. Kerwin. “More than IRCA: U.S. Legalization Programs and the Current Policy Debate”. Policy Brief. Migration Policy Institute.
  3. Ronald Reagan on Amnesty- 1984 Debates. 16/06/2012. Date accessed: June 17, 2015.
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